Alan and Luca discuss how bottlenecks are an inevitable part of platform engineering, drawing parallels to Eliyahu Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints and the Phoenix Project. They note that AI amplifies existing bottlenecks by accelerating throughput, making stable and standardized “golden paths” essential for scalability. The conversation concludes that complexity and new problems are inevitable, but advances in AI and eventually quantum computing will help organizations address them more holistically.